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The Penguin Cafe Orchestra was the creation of classically-trained guitarist, composer and arranger Simon Jeffes (Crawley, Sussex, England, 1949-1997). Jeffes and cellist co-founder Helen Liebmann were members throughout its life; a number of other musicians became part of the ensemble playing live and also appearing on studio albums according to the instrumentation of particular pieces. The Penguin's sound is not easily categorized, but has elements of exuberant folk music and a minimalist aesthetic occasionally reminiscent of composers such as Philip Glass. The PCO toured extensively during the 80's and early 90's, and two albums, "When in Rome" (1988) and "Concert Program" (1995) captured the sound of the live ensemble. Penguin Cafe Orchestra recorded and performed for 24 years until Jeffes died of a brain tumour in 1997. The 10th anniversary of Jeffes' death was marked by the original PCO reforming for three concerts at the Union Chapel in London in 2007. Four members of the original PCO, Geoffrey Richardson,Jennifer Maidman,Steve Fletcher and Annie Whitehead are still together playing the music under the name "The Anteaters". In 2009 Simon Jeffes' son Arthur Jeffes formed a new group called "Music From The Penguin Cafe" which plays some of the music of PCO along with his own compositions. History After becoming disillusioned with the rigid structures of classical music and the limitations of rock music, in which he also dabbled, Jeffes became interested in the relative freedom in ethnic music and decided to imbue his work with the same sense of immediacy and spirit. Describing how the idea of the Penguin Cafe Orchestra came to him, Jeffes said, "I was on the beach sunbathing and suddenly a poem popped into my head. It started out 'I am the proprietor of the Penguin Café, I will tell you things at random' and it went on about how the quality of randomness, spontaneity, surprise, unexpectedness and irrationality in our lives is a very precious thing. And if you suppress that to have a nice orderly life, you kill off what's most important. Whereas in the Penguin Café your unconscious can just be. It's acceptable there, and that's how everybody is. There is an acceptance there that has to do with living the present with no fear in ourselves." Their first album, Music From The Penguin Cafe, was released in 1976 on Brian Eno's experimental E.G. Records label; a collection of pieces recorded from 1974-1976, it was followed in 1981 by Penguin Cafe Orchestra, after which the band settled into a more regular release schedule. They played their first major concert in 1977, supporting Kraftwerk at The Roundhouse. They went on to tour the world and play at a variety of music festivals as well as residencies on London's South Bank. Evolution Simon Jeffes experimented with various configurations both live and in the studio, including an occasional 'dance orchestra' and a quintet of strings, oboe, trombone and himself on piano. On the studio albums he sometimes played many of the instruments himself, and brought in the other musicians according to the needs of a particular piece. There were a number of incarnations of the live band. Original members Gavyn Wright and Steve Nye left in 1984 and 1988 respectively. Bob Loveday replaced Gavyn Wright on violin. Gradually, a regular line-up evolved around Simon Jeffes and Helen Liebman: Neil Rennie, who joined in 1975 on ukulele; Geoffrey Richardson who had joined in 1976 and co-wrote three pieces on 'Broadcasting from Home' (1984), played viola, cuatro, guitar, clarinet, mandolin and ukulele; Julio Segovia answered an advert in the 'Melody Maker' and joined in 1978 on percussion; Jennifer Maidman joined in 1984 on percussion, bass, ukulele and cuatro; Steve Fletcher replaced Steve Nye in 1988 on piano and keyboards and Annie Whitehead, who had also appeared on 'Broadcasting from Home' (1984), joined the live band in 1988 on trombone. Finally, Peter McGowan took over from Bob Loveday on violin and Barbara Bolte joined on oboe. Doug Bevridge also became a regular fixture at the live mixing desk. The album 'Concert Program' (1995) is the definitive recording of this line up, and includes many of the Penguins' best known pieces. After Simon's death, members of the orchestra continued to meet up occasionally to play together, but there were no recordings or public appearances for over ten years. In 2007 the band briefly re-appeared, with the same line up minus Julio Segovia, but joined by Simon Jeffes' son Arthur on percussion and piano, to mark the 10th anniversary of it's dissolution, playing three sold-out shows at the Union Chapel in London. There are no plans for the band to perform in public again as the Penguin Cafe Orchestra. However, after the Union Chapel farewell concerts, a core of long-time members, the multi-instrumentalists Geoffrey Richardson and Jennifer Maidman, trombonist Annie Whitehead and pianist Steve Fletcher wanted to continue playing the Penguin's music. They have formed a group called the Anteaters, and have been joined by percussionist Liam Genockey, best known as a member of Steeleye Span, but who also played live with the Penguins in Italy. The name stems from an incident on the 1983 PCO tour of Japan. Simon Jeffes discovered there was at that time a craze for penguins in the country. Simon joked that, if the fashion changed, perhaps the orchestra would have to change its name to "The Anteater Cafe Orchestra". Films Penguin Cafe Orchestra provided the complete score for the 1986 Australian film Malcolm. One of their most popular and recognisable pieces is 'Music For A Found Harmonium', which has been used extensively as incidental music in films ranging from Ferris Bueller's Day Off to Napoleon Dynamite. It has also enjoyed frequent plays as a chill out anthem in Ibiza and has featured in many television advertisements in the UK. User-contributed text is available under the Creative Commons By-SA License and may also be available under the GNU FDL.